Available online Aug 25, 2025.

[ Original ] Volume 31, Issue 5, 2025, Pages 831-836

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Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of the synthesis of laundry and bathing soaps from palm-kernel oil (PKO) via the cold process. The primary objectives were to enhance the yield and quality of household soap, determine the percentage yield of the soap products, and ascertain the saponification value of the soaps. Two separate experiments were conducted using similar materials and procedures, with slight variations in additives and colorants. The synthesized laundry soap exhibited a firm, green texture, while the bathing soap was softer and yellow, indicating distinct physical characteristics suitable for their intended uses. The percentage yield was optimized through careful control of reactant quantities and stirring times, demonstrating the effectiveness of the cold process. The saponification values confirmed the successful conversion of fatty acids into soap, with variations reflecting differences in soap formulations. The addition of borax in the bathing soap contributed to improved skin-friendly properties, making it suitable for personal hygiene. This comparative study highlights the potential of PKO as a versatile and sustainable raw material in soap production and provides insights into optimizing cold process for improved soap quality.

 

Keywords

Laundry soap, Bathing soap, Palm-kernel oil, Cold process, Saponification value,

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